This patch cleans up the logic of the C++ version flag detection code,
which had accumulated quite a bit of cruft over time.

Moreover, it also adds a new test for basic C++11 compliance which is
always run, even if DISABLE_CXX_VERSION_CHECK has been set. I think the
original code was supposed to also error out in this case, but I didn't
really do so.

With this patch, DISABLE_CXX_VERSION_CHECK really only disables testing
for the various -std=c++xy flags, but the build system will now always
make sure that your compiler runs (at least) in C++11 mode.